Category: World History

What is CAA (Citizenship Amendment Act)?

The CAA (Citizenship Amendment Act) has become a Civil Amendment Act after it is passed in Parliament and the President’s stamp. With the help of Citizenship Amendment Act, people of Hindu, Christian, Sikh, Parsi, Jain and Buddhism who fled there due to religious persecution in Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh and surrounding countries will be given citizenship of India.
People of Muslim religion have not been included in this act. After the Citizenship Amendment Bill became law, those people of Hindu, Christian, Sikh, Parsi, Jain and Buddhism from Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh and surrounding countries who entered India by the decisive date of 31 December 2014 . They will all be able to apply for citizenship of India.
The CAA also arranges that any legal action already taken against them for their displacement or illegal residence in the country will not affect their eligibility for permanent citizenship. Also, if the OCI card holders violate the conditions, the centre will get the right to cancel their card.

What is NRC?

The National Register of Citizens i.e. NRC. NRC shows who is an Indian citizen and who is not. A person who is not enrolled in the Citizenship Register is considered an illegal citizen. Assam is the only state in the country where the system of citizenship register is in effect. The main objective of implementing NRC is to identify illegal immigrants living in the state, especially Bangladeshi infiltrators. The entire process was under the supervision of the Supreme Court. For this process, a special provision was made in Assam by amending the Citizenship Act in 1986.
Under this the names of those people who are citizens of Assam or have lived in their ancestral state before 25 March 1971 have been included in the register. Let me tell you that after the partition of India-Pakistan in the year 1947 some people migrated from Assam to East Pakistan but their land was in Assam and the movement of people from both sides continued even after the partition.
After this, NRC data was updated for the first time in 1951. Even after this, infiltration into India was continued. After the formation of Bangladesh in the year 1971, in Assam, a large number of refugees continued to arrive and this changed the nature of the population of the state.
Problems arising from the termination of citizenship:
People have become stateless after the release of NRC list i.e. they have not been citizens of any country. In such a situation there is a possibility of violence in the state.
Those who have been living in Assam for decades after the expiry of Indian citizenship they will neither be able to vote as before nor will they get the benefit of any welfare scheme and they will not have any right over their own property. People who have their own property will be targeted by other people.

Why NRC was required?

When India-Pakistan was partitioned in 1947, some people migrated from Assam to East Pakistan but their land was in Assam and the movement of people from both sides continued even after the partition. Due to which the National Civil Register was prepared in the year 1951.
Even after the formation of Bangladesh in 1971 a large number of refugees continued in Assam due to which the shape of the state’s population began to change.
In the 80s, the All Assam Students Union-AASU started a movement to illegally identify and repatriate people living in Assam. The Assam treaty was signed in 1985 after six years of struggle by the AASU.

Assam Treaty:

On August 15, 1985, an agreement was signed between the AASU and other organizations and the Government of India which is known as the Assam treaty.
According to this agreement, Hindu-Muslims who entered Assam after March 25, 1971, were to be identified and removed from the state.
Under this agreement, citizens who came to Assam between 1961 and 1971 were given citizenship and other rights but they were not given the right to vote. Under this special package was also given for the economic development of Assam.
It was also decided that special laws and administrative measures will be taken to protect the cultural, social and linguistic identity of Assamese speaking people. The voter list was also amended based on the Assam treaty.

What an interesting about penguin?

The penguin is a flightless bird that belongs to the penguin-like order, the penguin family (Lt; Sphenispidae). The word “penguin” has 3 impression at its core. The first includes a combination of the Welsh words pen (head) and gwyn (white), which originally belonged to the extinct wingless eider today. Due to the penguin’s similarity with this bird, the definition was shifted to him. According to the second version, the name penguin was given by the English word pinning, meaning “wing-hairpin” in translation. The third version is the Latin adjective pingis, meaning “fat.”

Penguin – Description, characteristics, structure.

All penguins can swim and dive fully, but they cannot fly at all. On land, the bird feels strange due to the structural features of the body and organs. Penguins have a well-developed body shape with highly developed chest nail muscles, often for a quarter of the total mass. The penguin’s body is fairly well fed, slightly compressed from the sides and covered with feathers. A very large head is not on a movable, flexible and short neck. Penguin’s beak is strong and very sharp.

As a result of evolution and lifestyle, penguins’ wings turned into elastic feathers: when swimming underwater, they move around the shoulder joint according to the principle of a screw. The legs are short and thick, having 4 fingers, which are joined by swimming membranes. Unlike other birds, the penguin’s legs are quite backwards, which forces the bird to keep its body strictly upright while on the ground. To maintain balance, the penguin is helped by a short tail, which has 16–20 hard wings: if necessary, the bird simply rests on it, as if on a stand.

The skeleton of a penguin does not have hollow tubular bones, which is common to other birds: penguin bones are reminiscent of bones of marine mammals. For ideal warm protection, penguins have an amazing inventory of fat with a layer of 2-3 cm.

The penguin layer is thick and dense: separate small and small wings cover the body of a bird like a tile, protecting it from getting wet in cold water. The color of the wings is the same for almost all species – a darker (usually black) posterior and a white belly.

Once a year, the penguin melts: new feathers grow at different speeds, ejecting old feathers, so often the bird undergoes an uncontrolled rip-off during melting. During the melting, penguins are only on the ground, trying to hide from the gust of wind and eat absolutely nothing.

Penguin sizes vary by species: for example, an emperor penguin reaches 117–130 cm in length and weighs from 35 to 40 kg, while a small penguin body length 30–40 cm and weigh 1 kg.

In search of food, penguins are able to spend a lot of time under water, have a thickness of 3 meters and cover a distance of 25–27 km. Penguins in water can reach speeds of 7-10 kmph. Some species dive to a depth of 120–130 m. At a time when penguins do not hunt for mating games and offspring, they are far removed from the coast, sailing up to 1000 km in the sea.

On land, if you need to move quickly, the penguin lies on its belly, and pushes with limbs, quickly gliding over ice or snow. With this strategy of development, penguins create speeds of 3 to 6 km / h. The life expectancy of a penguin in nature is 15–25 year or more. In captivity, this indicator is sometimes increased to 30 years, with the ideal bird keeping.

What do penguins eat?

Penguins eat cephalopods, shellfish and small fish. The bird eats krill, anchovies, Antarctic silverfish, small octopus and squid with delight. For a prey, a penguin can dive 190 to 800–900: it depends on the type of penguin, climatic conditions, and feed requirements. The bird’s oral system works on the principle of a pump: through the beak, it sucks small prey with water.

On average, birds travel a distance of about 27 kilometres while feeding and spend about 80 minutes a day at depths of more than 3 meters.

The geographical distribution of these birds is quite wide, but they prefer coolness. Penguins live in cold regions of the Southern Hemisphere, with their bunches mainly seen in the Antarctic and the suburbs. They also live in southern Australia and South Africa, they are found on practically the entire coastline of South America – from the Falkland Islands to Peru, and on the equator they live in the Galápagos Islands.

Penguin species

Do you know how many species of penguins live on our planet? By modern classification, these birds are added to six genera and nineteen species.

Yellow-eyed penguin

The last member of the yellow colored penguin genus is Megadayptes. The bird lives in the south-east of New Zealand, particularly the South Island, Stewart Island and Campbell and the archipelago of Auckland.

This species is recognized by the yellow eyes that give its name; larger penguins such as the Emperor Penguin can reach up to 70 centimetres, but larger than many other species, they weigh eight kilograms.

Penguins threatened by fishing:

The problem is that penguins are unable to see fishermen in the water, so they get entangled and often drown or get trapped. A recent study demonstrates destruction using disturbances and is the leading cause of death of this species in New Zealand, as more than 75% of the drops have occurred.

Previous research had shown that ships ended up with 35 penguins each year, but in fact this research has only been done on 3% of ships in New Zealand, with a higher number of victims. Biologists in charge of the study fear that, at this rate, the species will become extinct in the coming years.

What can we do?

Many times, when we talk about threatened species, it seems difficult to understand how it relates to us. Intensive fishing is usually done by trawling, which harms pirates and traps many non-commercial species such as penguins. Such fishing affects many other animal species such as dolphins or sharks.

Consumption of meat and fish should be done in moderation, due to the high cost of obtaining it compared to vegetable products. But for the purpose of close consumption and sustainable fishing is even more important; thus, national or even regional fish are the best way to protect the environment and protect this penguin-like species from disappearing.

Penguins with yellow eyes on the verge of extinction

Recent research has shown that the existence of yellow-eyed penguins is in danger if necessary steps are not taken to preserve them. So New Zealand’s famous yellow-eyed penguins may become extinct in the next 25 years due to rising ocean temperatures and climate change.

Key points

• Researchers believe that due to the rising temperature of the oceans, there is a continuous decline in the fertility of these penguins, due to which they will reach the verge of extinction by the year 2060.
• Actually, penguins are highly sensitive to climate change, so efforts should be made to conserve them.
• However, the researchers did not include the incidence of adult penguins dying in this study, such as an incident in 2013 in which more than 60 penguins died.
• Any damage to these penguins with yellow eyes will cause local extinction soon.

Yellow-eyed penguins’ (Megadyptes antipodes) Facts:

• They are the local penguins of New Zealand.
• Earlier it was believed that they are related to the Little Penguin (Eudyptula minor), but molecular studies have shown that they are related to the Eudyptes race penguins just like most other penguins.
• They are mainly piscivorous.
• This species is found in New Zealand’s South Island, Stewart Island, Auckland Island and Campbell Islands.

“In the history of the world, World War I was fought between July 28, 1914, to November 11, 1918 AD in water and in the sky. Due to the unprecedented figures of the number of participating countries and the damage happened to it, it was named World War. It continued for 4 years 52 months. Nearly half of the world got into the grip of violence and it killed more than one Crore people and wound twice of this figure. When World War I happened, it was not known that the Second World War would be there but when World War II broke out, the First World War was named the First World War. After all the biggest thing is that, what were the reasons for the first world war, why the first World War happened, we will tell you that there were many reasons behind the existence of World War I, we will tell you all the reasons behind it that Why the first the World War happened”.

Reasons of First World War-:

1. First spark – murder of Archduke-1-:

On June 28, 1914, Archduke Ferdinand, the successor of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, was on a visit to Sarajevo in Bosnia with his wife. There he and his wife were murdered, after which the developments of World War I started. The visit of Archduke Ferdinand, the successor of the Austria-Hungarian Empire, was a very important visit to the empire. He was accompanied by his wife Sophie, the   Duchess of Hohenburg. He was with the army for two days while his wife visited schools, orphanages, and churches in Sarajevo.

Archduke Ferdinand had visited the far-flung areas of the world. He had visited Australia, New Zealand, China, Japan, Canada and the United States during his World Travel in 1893.

In the year of 1913, he went to Britain. Archduke Ferdinand and his wife Sophie were with the Maharaja and Empress in Windsor Palace in the UK and they went to Sherwood Forest and Bolsover Castle. On June 28, 1914, Arch Duke Francis Ferdinand, the successor to the throne of Austria, was murdered in Bosnia (capital Cerazzano) and the charge of murder was made on Serbia. Due to the harsh ties between the two, Austria got an opportunity to take revenge from Serbia. In view of the situation, Austria forced Serbia to accept certain demands (ten point demand letter), but Serbia rejected the inappropriate demands of this demand letter. Many countries joined the war and ultimately the war took the world over.

2. Rage of nationality-:

The basic reason for the war was the spirit of nationalism in many states of Europe. After some time this feeling took the form of a raging form. Under this, the nations started their special efforts to advance their progress.

3. Policy of Bismarck-:

By defeating France, Bismarck established Germany’s authority over Alsace and Lorraine the states of France. France wanted to defend its defeat from Germany. He had a strong desire to regain his lost territories. With the purpose of making France helpless, Bismarck has made a treaty with Russia, Austria and Italy. As a result, his position became very strong and France was afraid of invasion of Germany all the time.

4. Treaty between Russia and France-:

The end of the Germany-Russia Treaty concluded by Bismarck in 1900 AD, which was required to be reclaimed, but after the fall of Bismarck, German-Emperor William II thought that the repeat of that treaty is not as profitable to Germany. From this, Russia understood that Germany was more interested than Austria. Russia was left alone and its focus was towards France. France was also in the search of a friend in Europe. Therefore, by being bound by the situation, he made a treaty with France in 1893, which end the loneliness of France’s.

5. Treaty between France and England-:

For a long time, In France and England, a great bitterness arose in relation to the colonial subjects. But at the beginning of the twentieth century, both were frightened by the growing power of Germany by which they thought that we should come together. In 1904 AD, there was a settlement happened between the two, which is known as the Anglo-French treaty. As a result of France’s special effort in 1907, Russia also joined the agreement. Thus, in 1907, became a group of Germany, Russia and France against Germany. Eventually Europe split into two opposing groups.

6. Ambition of Kaiser William II-:

German emperor William II wanted to make Germany the world’s best power. His heartfelt desire was that Germany should not only be a European power but also take the form of international power. Hence, he made every effort to achieve this objective. But he could not achieve special success in this direction. Because when Germany came into this region, England and France had established their vast empires at that time. But Germany still took action on this. Due to this imperialist spirit of Germany many times the possibility of European war arose. He started spending most of the money in Germany’s military. He made every effort to implement a large fleet plan and implement it. He deepened the Keel Canal, from which large sea vessels could be accommodated in that canal. Germany also started building war-ships.

Many times England prayed to the German Emperor not to prepare war-ships, but it did not have any effect on Germany, and he continued to work. Because of this, protests started increasing in England and Germany day by day, and in this way, with the ambition of German Emperor, England had to contend with Russia and France.

7. Eastern policy of Germany-:

When Germany got frustrated all over the establishment of his empire, his attention was drawn to the East. He imitated this route with the intention of expanding his empire. Germany made friendship with Turkey and started expanding its influence there. He opposed the policy of Austria in the Balkan Peninsula and opposed Russia’s policy. Germany took permission from the Sultan of Turkey to build the Berlin-Baghdad Railway. This railway created fear for England’s Indian empire. Germany’s friendship with Austria was compulsory for the construction of this railway line because this railway line went through the territories of Austria and its influence. This is the reason, Germany always wanted to befriend of Austria.  Other nations of Europe protested against the construction of this railway line, for this purpose, Germany wanted to expand the influence of Austria into the Balkan region.

Events of the First World War-:

Prior to the beginning of the Great War of 1914, the great nations of Europe had split into two opposing groups. On one side there were states of Germany, Austria, and Italy, and on the other side were states of France, Russia and England.

• Russia’s involvement in the war-:

Russia has always taken the side of Serbia. Russia’s heartfelt desire was that as in the past, the problem of the Balkan Peninsula was settled in the conference of all European states, just like that at this time we will resolve this question in the conference.  But when Russia observed that Austria is determined to end the power of Serbia, Russia ordered the Russian army for military preparations. Russia sent their army to the Balkan Peninsula for the help of Serbia’s. In this way, Russia took military action against Austria.

• Involvement of Germany-:

After getting Germany’s support, Austria took a strict policy against Serbia. Germany’s heartfelt desire was that the war between the Austrian and Serbian Serbs remain to the terrestrial area, but when Germany saw that the Russian chief ordered his army to be ready for the the war, Germany said  Serbia and Russia would remove their armies, but Russia did not pay any attention to this prayer of Germany. At this time there was a treaty between Germany and Austria. After all these, Russia proffered to help Austria. Germany announces war against Russia. Thus, the war took place between Germany and Russia. 

• Involvement of France-:

On the other hand, France and Russia were friends. Russia had full hope that France will help them against Germany. When Germany announced a war against Russia, France declared war on Germany.

• Involvement of England-:

So far, England was trying to establish peace in Europe by mutual agreement, but at the same time, Germany took control over Luxembourg and asked for a way to Belgium to invade against France for its army, but Germany did not paid attention And ordered its armies to enter in Belgium. As soon as this incident, on 4 August 1914, England declared war against Germany.

• Involvement of other countries-:

After some time the following states took active part in the war-

1. 1. Japan announced the war against Germany.
2. 2. In November 1914, turkey jumped into the war for helping to Germany and Austria.
3. 3. For some time Italy did not join the war, although Italy was a member of the Trilateral group. Italy be apart by saying that Germany and Austria were not fighting for security. Later in May 1914, Italy entered in the war against this party as assistant to France, Russia and England. The main reason for this was that Italy wanted to take backs some of its territory from Austria and in April 1915, Italy made a treaty of London with it’s the Allies.
4. 4. In the year of 1917 United States of America joined the war against Austria and Germany. In the middle of the war, the United States requested to Germany to suspend the use of war-ships, but Germany did not pay attention to the request of America. This forced the United States to join the war.
5. 5. In 1915 Bulgaria also became a supporter of Germany and Austria and entered in the war. 6. Montenegro announced the war against Austria by taking the side of Serbia. 7. After entering the United States, a few months later many states of Central and South America and Shyam, Libya and China were also involved in the war from the side of their respective Allies. By joining all these nations, almost all the world went towards the Allies and the war actually took the form of a world war.

Result of first World War-:

• Widespread war-:

This war was very wide. This war happened in Europe and Asia continents. In this war, 30 states participated and 87 per cent of the world participants participated in it directly or indirectly. Only 14 countries of this world did not participate in this war. In this, about 61 billion individuals participated in the direct form. Of these 85 million people were killed. Nearly 20 million people were injured, captured or lost.

• Loss of money:

In this war too much money was pended by every country and all the countries of Europe had to face the financial crisis in particular. It cost about 10 billion rupees. By March 1915, England’s daily expenditure was moderately 1.5 million pounds, 40 million in 1915-16, 5.5 million in 1916-17, and 65 million pounds in 1917-18, and end of the war its national debt was 7080 million had increased to 74350 million pounds. France’s national debt increased from 341880 million francs to 1974720 million francs and Germany’s 500,000 million mark to 1306000 million mark. It is clear from this that there was excessive expenditure happened in this war.

• Political results:

The political consequences of this war were very important. After this war, the rule of the dynasties came to an end and the era of establishing of a Republic country began in place of rajshahi. The emperors of Germany, Russia, Turkey, Austria, Huganri, Bulgaria, etc. had to relinquish their position and the right to public authority was established.  Ancient dynasties had been ended and Public rights have been established on Europe. The new 11 republic states were established in Europe, whose names are as follows: 1. German, 2. Austria, 3. Poland, 4. Russia, 5. Czechoslovakia, 6. Lithuania, 7. Latvia, 8. Antonia, 9 Finland, 10. Ukraineand 11. Turkey. Even in ancient countries where the monarchy was as it was, the development of democracy started to grow rapidly. England, Spain, Greece, Romania, etc. came under this. Thus this is clear that this war gave opportunity to the establishment of democracy and ended the dynasties.

• Social result:

There have also been significant results in the social sectors of this war. The demands of people in the war continued to increase, due to which many people who were busy in other tasks had to leave their work and force them to take military services. Women had to take place of men to fulfill their work. In this way, they got rid of household life and started working in factories. They came to know their importance and the rise their self-confidence. After the end of the war, women also demanded their rights as human beings and almost every state accepted their many demands.

• Economic results-:

After the war, the influence of communist ideology increased widely, and now people got into the spirit that the nationalization of the industries should be established and the state should have all the rights and control of the industries. In this direction, although no more success has been achieved, but in every country, different types of interventions have been done by the states. Day by day the importance of the laborers working in factories started increasing and they started to keep their demands in front of the state. Thus, after this war, the workers started to organize themselves. Almost all the governments of the countries have made different types of laws in fabour of labours.

• The victory of nationality-:

After this war, the spirit of nationalism was won and its development started. At the peace conference in Paris, all the nations attempted to reorganize Europe after assuming the principle of self-determination as prescribed by President Wilson and accordingly, eight new states were created. Which are Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Poland, Lithuania, Anthonyia and Finland.

• Expansion of military power-:

Germany’s military power was controlled by the Peace Conference, but the victorious states did not take any step towards controlling their military power, but they only increased their military power. When Nazism of Germany and fascism of Italy were established, they tried every possible way to upgrade their countries. They expanded their more military power.

• Establishment of the League of Nations

After this war, the League of Nations was established with the aim of establishing peace. This major step was taken, but it did not achieve special success in the establishment of world peace. It could not control the ambitions of the nations, which led to the increase in intolerance in the countries.

Thus, there were very significant consequences of this World War, which greatly influenced future history.